Electric vehicle batteries 'must improve'

BYD Auto Co Ltd's F3DM plug-in hybrid compact sedan on display at the 2011 Shanghai Auto Show. According to Zhen Zijian, deputy director of the office for electric vehicles at the Ministry of Science and Technology, 2015 might be the turning point for electric vehicles in China as the required technologies are likely to experience big breakthroughs. (Photo / China Daily)
China's new-energy vehicle production capacity is expected to hit around 300,000 units by 2012, according to the latest research from the Ministry of Science and Technology.

The number includes domestic automakers' production capacity of hybrids and pure electric and fuel-cell vehicles, excluding the production capacity of joint ventures, Zhen Zijian, deputy director of the office for electric vehicles, told China Daily.

The office, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, is deeply involved in mapping the nation's strategy for electric cars. However, the actual output will depend on market demand and government policies, he said.

China currently has more than 5,000 new hybrid buses on the roads. Electric cars are mainly used for taxi demonstration programs in some cities.

"Electric vehicles have yet to develop the strength to compete with conventional vehicles or serve as a substitute due to technical constraints such as immature battery technology," Zhen said.

However, 2015 might be the turning point in the market share for electric vehicles in China as the required technologies are likely to experience big breakthroughs, he added.

Although China's new-energy vehicle industry is considered "heated" or "overheated" by many people, it has enormous room for growth since continued development is vital to the auto industry and also to the nation's energy safety and environmental protection, he said.

Also, the coming years will see more integration among industries as key components and technologies of new-energy vehicles require greater synergy among industries.

Besides technological barriers, choice between battery swapping or fast charging is also a critical issue facing China's automakers and grid companies.

The State Grid Corporation, China's largest energy grid company, has previously indicated that it would prefer to establish more battery-swap stations, industry insiders said.

Yang Fang, an analyst at the State Grid Energy Research Institute, said whether battery swapping or plug-in models will become the mainstream depends on the development of battery technology, adding that the institute frequently exchanged views with China Southern Power Grid Co Ltd over establishing charging stations.

An electric taxi made by the Zhejiang-based Zotye Auto Co Ltd suffered spontaneous combustion in Hangzhou in April. The government said on Tuesday the accident was largely an issue concerning the battery pack, although each individual battery had no quality issues.

Zou Yuan, an assistant professor at the School of Mechanical Engineering at the Beijing Institute of Technology, said the quality consistency of batteries remains a major safety risk.

The government plans to invest 100 billion yuan ($15.4 billion) over the next 10 years to stimulate the new-energy vehicle industry. The volume of China's new-energy vehicles is expected to reach 1 million by 2015 and 10 million by 2020, according to the government's new-energy vehicle development road map for the next decade.

The energy-saving and new-energy vehicle industry has been nominated by the government as one of the seven key strategic emerging industries to be nurtured over the next five years.

Source:China Daily

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Reportlinker Adds Electric Vehicle Traction Batteries 2011-2021

Press Release Source: Reportlinker On Thursday April 28, 2011, 7:05 am EDT

NEW YORK, April 28, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:

Electric Vehicle Traction Batteries 2011-2021

http://www.reportlinker.com/p0265732/Electric-Vehicle-Traction-Batteries-2011-2021.html

sectors using and likely to use traction batteries. There are chapters on heavy industrial, light industrial/commercial, mobility for the disabled, two wheel and allied, pure electric cars, hybrid cars, golf cars, military, marine and other. The profusion of pictures, diagrams and tables pulls the subject together to give an independent view of the future ten years. Unit sales, unit prices and total market value are forecast for each sector for 2011-2021. The replacement market is quantified and ten year technology trends by sector are in there too, with a view on winning and losing technologies and companies. This is the essential reference book for those who are anywhere in the hybrid and pure electric vehicle value chain. Those making materials, cells, battery sets or vehicles, researchers, legislators and market analysts will find it invaluable.

The whole picture

With vehicle traction batteries it is important to look at the whole picture and this report does it for the first time. The rapidly growing market for traction batteries will exceed $55 billion in only ten years. However that spans battery sets up to $500,000 each with great sophistication needed for military, marine and solar aircraft use. Huge numbers of low cost batteries are being used for e-bikes but even here several new technologies are appearing. The largest replacement market is for e-bikes today and the value market for replacement batteries will not be dominated by cars when these batteries last the life of the car - something likely to happen within ten years. The trends are therefore complex and that is why IDTechEx has analysed them with great care.

Vehicle manufacturers are often employing new battery technology first in their forklifts or e-bikes, not cars, yet there is huge progress with car batteries as well - indeed oversupply is probable in this sector at some stage. The mix is changing too. The second largest volume of electric vehicles being made in 2010 is mobility aids for the disabled but in ten years time it will be hybrid cars. The market for car traction batteries will be larger than the others but there will only be room for six or so winners in car batteries and other suppliers and users will need to dominate their own niches to achieve enduring growth and profits. Strategy must be decided now.

In this report, researched in 2010 and frequently updated, we analyse the successes, the needs, the statistics and the market potential for traction batteries for all the major applications. This has never been done before. It is important to look at the whole picture because traction battery manufacturers typically sell horizontally across many applications and electric vehicle manufacturers increasingly make versions for many applications - heavy industrial, on road, leisure and so on. Indeed, the smarter putative suppliers will choose the sectors that best leverage their strengths rather than join the herd and be obliterated by corporations of up to $100 billion in size enjoying prodigious government support.

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1.1. Market 2011-2021

1.2. Replacement business

1.3. Price war

1.4. Massive investments

1.5. Largest sectors

1.6. Market for EV components

1.7. Who is winning in lithium-ion traction batteries - and why

1.7.1. The needs have radically changed

1.7.2. It started with cobalt

1.7.3. Great variety of recipes

1.7.4. Other factors

1.7.5. Check with reality

1.7.6. Lithium winners today and soon

1.7.7. Reasons for winning

1.7.8. Winner will be Toyota?

1.7.9. Lithium polymer electrolyte now important

1.7.10. Genuinely Solid State Traction Batteries

1.7.11. Winning chemistry

1.7.12. Titanate establishes a place

1.7.13. Laminar structure

1.7.14. Niche winners

1.7.15. Fluid situation

2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. Definitions, scope, history

2.2. The EV value chain

2.3. Pure electric vs hybrid vehicles

2.4. Battery cells, modules, packs

2.5. Construction of battery packs

2.5.1. Changing factors

2.5.2. NiMH vs lithium

2.5.3. Replacement traction battery pack market 2011-2021

2.5.4. Plug in hybrids take over from mild hybrids

2.6. Pure electric and hybrid converge

2.6.1. Two options converge

2.7. Fuel cells

2.8. The ideal car traction battery pack

2.9. Traction batteries today

2.10. First generation lithium traction batteries

2.11. Second generation lithium traction batteries

2.12. The future

2.12.1. Third generation lithium traction batteries

2.12.2. Trends in energy storage vs battery pack voltage

2.12.3. Companies wishing to make the new batteries

2.13. How to improve lithium traction batteries

2.13.1. Basic needs

2.13.2. Life

2.13.3. Safety

2.14. USA and Europe play catch up

2.15. Technological leapfrog

2.16. Academic research and small companies

2.17. Industrial leverage

2.17.1. Major funding can have strange impacts

2.17.2. Rapid profits for some

2.17.3. Impediments

2.18. Benefits of EVs

2.19. Traction battery design considerations

2.20. Future evolution of hybrids and pure electric cars

2.20.1. Specification changes

2.20.2. Move to high voltage

2.20.3. Battery performance over time - battery life

2.20.4. Battery state of charge

2.20.5. Depth of discharge affects life

2.20.6. Capacity rating

2.20.7. Daily depth of discharge

2.20.8. Charging and discharging rates

2.21. Requirements - hybrids vs pure electric

2.21.1. Plug in requirements align with pure electric cars

2.21.2. Hybrids need power and pure electrics need capacity - for now

2.21.3. Parallel hybrids differ

2.21.4. Plug in hybrids try to be the best of both worlds

2.21.5. Watt hours per mile

2.21.6. Charging rates

2.21.7. Custom packaging

2.22. Fast charging batteries and infrastructure

3. PROGRESS WITH NEW GENERATION LITHIUM TRACTION BATTERIES

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Lithium manganese

3.3. Lithium iron phosphate

3.4. Lithium air and lithium metal

3.5. Lithium sulfur

3.5.1. Other challenges

4. HEAVY INDUSTRIAL EVS

4.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector

4.1.1. GE USA

4.1.2. East Penn Manufacturing Corporation USA

4.1.3. Furukawa Battery Japan

4.1.4. Nissan lithium forklift Japan

4.1.5. Balqon lithium heavy duty vehicles USA

4.2. Listing of manufacturers

4.3. Market size

4.4. Heavy industrial traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021

5. LIGHT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL EVS

5.1.1. Sub categories

5.1.2. Buses

5.2. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector

5.2.1. A123 Systems

5.2.2. Axeon UK

5.2.3. Eaton Corporation USA

5.2.4. KD Advanced Battery Group Dow USA Kokam Korea

5.2.5. Lithium Technology Corporation/GAIA USA

5.2.6. MAGNA STEYR AG & Co KG Austria

5.2.7. Valence Technologies USA

5.2.8. Lishen Power Battery China

5.3. Market drivers

5.3.1. Governments get involved

5.4. Importance of batteries and power trains

5.4.1. Freightliner and Enova

5.4.2. China Vehicles Company

5.4.3. Ford Transit

5.5. EVs for local services

5.6. Airport EVs

5.7. Small people-movers

5.8. Light industrial aids

5.8.1. Heavy duty on-road trucks become hybrids

5.9. Listing of manufacturers

5.10. Light industrial / commercial traction battery market forecasts 2011-2021

6. MOBILITY FOR THE DISABLED

6.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector

6.2. The sector with the most compelling and enduring need

6.3. Laws make mobility easier

6.4. Interchina Industry Group China

6.5. Market drivers

6.5.1. Geographical distribution

6.5.2. Zhejiang R&P Industry China

6.6. Listing of manufacturers

6.7. Mobility aid traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021

6.7.1. Growth by creating new markets

7. TWO WHEELED EVS AND ALLIED VEHICLES

7.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector

7.1.1. PowerGenix USA

7.1.2. ReVolt Technologies Ltd Switzerland

7.1.3. Toshiba Japan

7.1.4. Advanced Battery Technologies (ABAT) China

7.2. Batteries and specifications for two wheelers

7.2.1. Electric two wheelers prices and performance

7.2.2. Yamaha lithium Japan

7.2.3. Eko Vehicles lead acid scooters India

7.2.4. Honda lithium motorcycle Japan

7.2.5. Peugeot lithium scooter France

7.3. Hybrid motorcycles

7.3.1. YikeBike lithium New Zealand

7.4. The big winners in western markets

7.5. Listing of manufacturers

7.5.1. 70 examples of manufacturers

7.5.2. China

7.6. Two wheeled and allied traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021

8. GOLF EVS

8.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector

8.1.1. Change of leader? Ingersoll Rand and Textron USA

8.1.2. Suzhou Eagle and many others in China

8.2. Listing of manufacturers

8.3. Golf car and caddy traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021

9. CARS

9.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector

9.1.1. Automotive Energy Supply Japan

9.1.2. Panasonic EV Energy, Sanyo Japan

9.1.3. Blue Energy, Lithium Energy Japan - GS Yuasa Japan with Honda, Mitsubishi

9.1.4. Bollore France

9.1.5. Boston Power

9.1.6. BYD China

9.1.7. China BAK in China

9.1.8. Coda Battery Systems, Yardney USA, Tianjin Lishen China

9.1.9. Continental Germany and ENAX Japan

9.1.10. Ener 1/ Enerdel

9.1.11. Envia Systems USA

9.1.12. Hitachi Japan

9.1.13. IBM and National laboratories USA

9.1.14. Inci Holding Turkey

9.1.15. LG Chem Korea with Compact Power

9.1.16. LiFeBATT Taiwan

9.1.17. Li-Tec Evonik Industries Germany and Daimler

9.1.18. Mitsubishi Japan with Sumitomo Japan

9.1.19. Next Alternative Germany, Micro Bubble Technology Korea

9.1.20. Planar Energy Devices USA

9.1.21. Sakti3 USA and General Motors USA

9.1.22. SB LiMotive Co. Ltd - Samsung Korea with Bosch Germany

9.1.23. Sony Japan

9.1.24. Superlattice Power USA

9.2. Rapid increase in number of manufacturers

9.2.1. Examples of manufacturers

9.2.2. Recharging points

9.2.3. Battery changing points

9.2.4. Can the grid cope?

9.3. Car traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021

9.3.1. Total car traction battery market value 2011 to 2021

9.3.2. Battery pack market by car type 2010-2020

9.3.3. Hybrid battery prices

9.3.4. Replacement car traction battery pack market 2010-2020

10. PURE ELECTRIC CARS

10.1. Electricity solely for traction

10.2. Examples of pure EV cars

10.2.1. Nissan Leaf lithium Japan, UK, USA

10.2.2. Here come the Chinese - BYD, Brilliance, Geely, Chengfang

10.2.3. Jianghsu lead acid China

10.2.4. High performance pure lithium EVs - Tesla USA

10.2.5. Lightning lithium UK

10.2.6. Subaru Stella lithium Japan

10.2.7. REVA lead acid or lithium India

10.2.8. Club Car lead acid USA

10.2.9. Tara Tiny lead acid India

10.2.10. Mitsubishi iMiEV lithium Japan

10.2.11. Renault Nissan lithium France

11. HYBRID CARS

11.1. Construction and advantages of hybrids

11.1.1. Evolution

11.1.2. Frazer Nash Namir lithium UK

11.1.3. Chevrolet Volt lithium USA

11.1.4. Toyota Prius NiMH, lithium Japan

11.1.5. Fisker Karma lithium USA

12. MILITARY

12.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector

12.1.1. ABSL UK

12.1.2. Altair Nanotechnologies (Altairnano) USA

12.1.3. Electrovaya Canada

12.1.4. Hummer

12.1.5. Chrysler

12.1.6. Saft France, Johnson Controls USA

12.2. Examples of military EVs

12.2.1. Manned land vehicles.

12.2.2. Hummer lithium USA / China

12.2.3. Quantum Technologies lithium USA

12.2.4. US Army trucks etc - ZAP, Columbia ParCar USA

12.2.5. Oshkosh Truck Corp USA

12.2.6. Plug-in trucks - BAE Systems UK

12.2.7. Electric robot vehicles USA

12.3. In the air

12.3.1. Disposable surveillance aircraft

12.3.2. DARPA insects USA

12.3.3. COM-BAT lithium robot bat USA

12.3.4. Aerovironment electric aircraft USA

12.4. Examples of military EVs - in the water

12.4.1. Robot lithium jellyfish USA and Germany

12.5. Manufacturers of military EVs

12.6. Military traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021

13. MARINE

13.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector

13.1.1. Gavia Iceland

13.1.2. PolyPlus Battery USA

13.1.3. ThunderPower USA

13.2. Market segments

13.2.1. Total market

13.2.2. Underwater

13.2.3. On the water

13.3. Commonality with land EVs

13.4. Market drivers

13.4.1. Pollution laws back electric boats

13.5. Energy harvesting superyacht UK

13.5.1. Cleaner yachts - Valence, Beneteau

13.6. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)

13.6.1. Swimmers

13.7. Leisure and tourist submarines USA

13.8. Manufacturers by country and product

13.8.1. Examples of companies making electric water craft

13.9. Marine traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021

13.9.1. Surface and subsurface boat markets

13.9.2. AUV

14. OTHER EVS

14.1. Market drivers

14.2. Listing of manufacturers by country and product

14.3. Companies in the mobile robot and leisure sector

14.4. Electric aircraft for civil use

14.4.1. Sion Power USA - Aircraft batteries

14.4.2. Aircraft - Renault, Piccard

14.5. Other traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021

APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY

APPENDIX 2: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY

TABLES

1.1. Numbers of vehicle traction batteries, in thousands, sold globally in new vehicles, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector.

1.2. Ex factory unit price of traction battery packs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector

1.3. Global market value of traction battery packs, in millions of US dollars, sold globally, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector, rounded

1.4. Replacement market for traction battery packs in value $ million 2011 to 2021

1.5. Traction battery technologies in 2011, number percentage lead acid, NiMH and lithium

1.6. Traction battery technologies in 2021 number percentage lead acid, NiMH and lithium

1.7. Applicants to accelerate the manufacturing and deployment of the next generation of US batteries and electric vehicles

1.8. Main market drivers 2010-2020

1.9. Traction battery technology by applicational sector 2010 and 2020, examples of suppliers and trends

1.10. Breakdown of global market in 2010 for light industrial and commercial vehicles - global park, new vehicles, % electric, number of battery packs at one per vehicle, ex factory unit price and value for the subsections Buses, Other

1.11. Number of hybrid and pure electric cars plugged in and the total number in thousands 2010-2020

1.12. Components and subsystems fitted in new electric vehicles 2010-2020 in thousands

1.13. Highlights 2010-2020

1.14. What is on the way in or out with traction batteries

1.15. 70 vertically integrated lithium traction battery cell manufacturers, their chemistry, cell geometry and customer relationships (not necessarily orders)

2.1. Some ways to reduce the cost and increase the performance of lithium-ion car traction batteries

2.2. Improvement in cost and performance of hybrid and pure electric vehicle traction battery packs 2009-2020

2.3. Some reasons why ICE vehicles are replaced with EVs

3.1. Typical lithium iron phosphate traction battery

4.1. Twenty examples of manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs by country

4.2. Percentage split of global manufacture of heavy industrial trucks

4.3. Distribution of trade volume for heavy industrial EVs

4.4. Global league table of powered industrial truck manufacturers 2010 by value of sales

4.5. Global sales of heavy industrial battery sets at one per vehicle, by numbers, ex factory unit price and total value 2011 to 2021, rounded.

5.1. 150 manufacturers of light industrial and commercial EVs and drive trains by country and examples of their products

5.2. Global sales of light industrial and commercial vehicle traction battery sets at one per new vehicle by numbers thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011 to 2021, rounded

5.3. Breakdown of global market in 2010 for light industrial and commercial vehicles - global park, new vehicles, % electric, number of battery sets at one per new vehicle, ex factory unit price and value for the subsections Full Size

6.1. The continental percentage split of markets for vehicles for the disabled by value in 2010

6.2. The percentage split of market for vehicles for the disabled by country within Europe

6.3. The numbers in thousands of scooters plus power chairs that were and will be sold in Europe 2005 to 2015

6.4. The percentage distribution of manufacture between Taiwan and Mainland China by value of vehicles for the disabled 2005, 2010 and 2015

6.5. Market for EVs for the disabled by geographical region, ex works pricing and percentage split in 2005, 2010 and 2020

6.6. 83 examples of manufacturers of EVs for the disabled by country

6.7. Global sales of traction battery sets used in mobility aids for the disabled at one set per new vehicle, by number, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars, 2011 to 2021, rounded

7.1. Prices and performance of electric two wheelers

7.2. 70 examples of manufacturers of two wheel EVs and electric quad bikes

7.3. Largest suppliers of electric bicycles by number (not in order)

7.4. 34 sources of two wheelers in China by brand, region and battery chemistry

7.5. Listing of light electric scooter makers in China. Most use lead-acid battery chemistry but there is a move to lithium-ion batteries

7.6. Global sales of two wheel and allied battery sets at one per new vehicle, number, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011 to 2021, rounded

7.7. Global Replacement market for traction battery packs for two wheel vehicles in value $ million 2010-2020

8.1. 18 examples of golf EV manufacturers

8.2. Global sales of electric golf car battery sets in number at one per new vehicle, thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011 to 2021, rounded.

8.3. Geographical split of golf EV sales by value 2010, 2015, 2020

9.1. BYD financials

9.2. 121 examples of manufacturers of electric cars including pictures of many Chinese electric cars

9.3. IDTechEx projection for total car traction battery pack sales in $ billion 2011 to 2021

9.4. T 2 Market forecasts for traction battery packs for new cars in units, ex factory price and value 2010-2020

9.5. Replacement market for car traction battery packs in value $ million 2010-2020

11.1. Prius NiMH traction battery evolution

12.1. 26 suppliers of military EVs

12.2. Global sales of military vehicle traction battery sets at one per new vehicle in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011 to 2021, rounded.

13.1. 44 examples of manufacturers of EV electric water craft

13.2. AUV specifications, prices and market leaders

13.3. Global sales of marine craft traction battery sets at one per new vehicle, in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011 to 2021, rounded.

14.1. 30 examples of manufacturers of mobile robots, toy, leisure, research or hobbyist EVs by country and product

14.2. Global sales of other electric vehicle traction battery sets at one per new vehicle, in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011 to 2021, rounded.

FIGURES

1.1. Numbers of traction battery packs for two wheelers, cars and mobility for the disabled compared in thousands, sold globally in new vehicles, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector

1.2. Numbers of traction battery packs consisting of heavy industrial, light industrial/commercial, golf car and caddy, military, marine and other compared in thousands, sold globally, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector

1.3. Ex factory unit price of traction battery packs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector

1.4. Global market value of traction battery packs, in millions of US dollars, sold globally, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector, rounded

1.5. Here comes lithium

1.6. Market breakdown for light industrial and commercial electric vehicles in 2010 in $ billion - buses, other on road, airport GSE, other off road

1.7. Market breakdown for industrial and commercial electric vehicles in 2020 in billions of dollars - buses, other on road, off road

1.8. Possible evolution of affordable, mainstream electric cars and other electric vehicles that mainly employ conventional internal combustion engines today. This shows the convergence of hybrid and pure electric technologies

1.9. Evolution of lithium traction batteries 2010-2030

1.10. Geely IG solar car

1.11. Japanese ten meter long deep sea cruising AUV, the URASHIMA

1.12. Bionic dolphin

1.13. Deepflight Merlin

1.14. Cri-Cri pure electric stunt plane new in 2010

1.15. Oshkosh truck

1.16. Approximate percentage of manufacturers offering traction batteries with less cobalt vs those offering ones with no cobalt vs those offering both. We also show the number of suppliers that offer lithium iron phosphate versions

2.1. EV sectors with the largest gross sales value and profits over the years

2.2. Electric vehicle value chain

2.3. Comparison of cells, modules and battery packs.

2.4. Possible evolution of affordable, mainstream electric cars showing the convergence of hybrid and a pure electric technologies

2.5. Nikkei forecast of lithium battery cost reduction by year at 80 yen per dollar

2.6. Cost structure of lithium cobalt batteries according to Deutsche Bank Securities

2.7. Volumetric vs gravimetric energy density of batteries used in vehicles

2.8. Traction battery pack nominal energy storage vs battery pack voltage for mild hybrids in red, plug on hybrids in blue and pure electric cars in green

2.9. Battery specification based on end of life

2.10. Car traction battery operating requirements compared

3.1. Future improvement in power and energy density

3.2. Subaru lithium ion manganese battery

3.3. Mitsubishi lithium-ion batteries for cars

3.4. Lithium air batteries

3.5. Li-S Cell Configuration

3.6. Ragone plots for different rechargeable systems

3.7. Active Materials Transformation Diagram

3.8. Prototype lithium sulfur battery by Sion Power

4.1. East Penn lead acid battery for golf cars

4.2. Furukawa Cycle-service storage battery for Golf Cars

5.1. Chevrolet Volt lithium-ion battery

5.2. Chrysler electric minivan

5.3. Smith electric vehicle

5.4. Magna Steyr traction battery pack capability

5.5. Magna Steyr energy battery for pure electric and plug in hybrid cars

5.6. Magna Steyr power battery for hybrid cars

5.7. EVI truck powered by Valence lithium-ion batteries

5.8. Lishen Power battery products

5.9. Freightliner MT-45 step van uses 120kW Enova electric drive system

5.10. Electric pick up truck from China Vehicles Company

5.11. Ford Transit pure EV

6.1. The Electric Car (INEC-KARO) for the disabled from Interchina Industry Group

6.2. Zhejiang R&P Industry ES 413

7.1. Toshiba e-bike battery

7.2. Yamaha EC-f and EC-fs concept electric scooters

7.3. Yamaha EC03

7.4. Eko Vehicles ET-120 hybrid scooter

7.5. Honda EV Cub sports twin, front and rear electric drive motors

7.6. Peugeot E-Vivacity electric scooter planned for 2010

7.7. YikeBike in action

9.1. Nissan Leaf battery

9.2. Pininfarina Bollore B0 electric car powered by Bollore lithium polymer batteries

9.3. Pininfarina Bollore Bluecar cross section showing battery

9.4. LEV electric car by Qingyuan Motors

9.5. Continental lithium ion traction battery

9.6. Safety testing of Continental lithium ion traction batteries.

9.7. Enerdel traction battery

9.8. 25Ah lithium-ion battery cell for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

9.9. LiFeBATT manufacture

9.10. IDTechEx projection for total car traction battery pack sales in $ billion 2011 to 2021

9.11. Market forecasts for traction battery packs for new cars in units 2010-2020

9.12. Market forecasts for traction battery packs for new cars ex factory price 2010-2020

9.13. Market forecasts for traction battery packs for new cars value in million dollars 2010-2020

9.14. Replacement market for car traction battery packs in value $ million 2010-2020

10.1. Gemcar

10.2. The planned Nissan Leaf pure electric car

10.3. Nissan leaf lithium traction batteries

10.4. The BYD E6 pure EV car

10.5. Jianghsu DHCLBC EF-1 car

10.6. Tesla Motors Roadster pure EV performance car

10.7. Tesla battery pack with coolant tubes at bottom.

10.8. The Lighting pure electric sports car

10.9. Subaru Stella pure electric vehicle

10.10. REVA pure EV car

10.11. The Club Car street legal car launched in 2009

10.12. Tara Tiny

10.13. Mitsubishi pure EV car

10.14. Mitsubishi i-MiEV

11.1. Evolution of EV design for on-road and many non-road vehicles

11.2. Frazer Nash Namir

11.3. Toyota Prius NiMH traction battery

11.4. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Battery

12.1. Altairnano view of some of the primary performance advantages of its lithium traction batteries

12.2. Hummer H3 ReEV Lithium Ion SuperPolymer battery pack made by Electrovaya.

12.3. Oshkosh truck

12.4. COM-BAT

13.1. Gavia defense AUV

13.2. Electric launch

13.3. The rigid-wing superyacht concept called 'Soliloquy'

13.4. The British Scorpio remote controlled rescue vehicle that released the trapped Russian submarine in August 2005.

13.5. The Ocean Explorer AUV

13.6. A British Remote Controlled Mine Destruction Vehicle being lowered into the water

13.7. Deep Flight Aviator two-person leisure submarine

13.8. Seattle personal luxury submarine by US Submarines

14.1. The new Electrolux Automower

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: Electric Vehicle Traction Batteries 2011-2021

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(PhysOrg.com) -- In a move with far and wide consequences for the automobile industry, many groups are banding together to study the two-pronged problem of high initial costs for lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries for electric vehicles, and then what to do with those batteries once they lose their ability to hold a strong enough charge to keep motorists moving. Most proposed solutions center around reusing the batteries in applications that don’t require a battery to be fully chargeable, such as battery backups for an electrical grid; thus allowing the initial cost of the batteries to be spread out over a much longer lifespan.

Currently, customers who are looking to buy an electric car are told that they can expect the battery pack in their new car to last eight to ten years; at which time, they’ll have to replace it at a significant cost to them; no plan has yet been put in place however, regarding what to do with the removed battery packs from the millions of cars that will likely someday be traversing the roads of the world.

Governments, public companies and private environmental groups have all jumped into the fray, each with a different agenda it seems. Governments seek to find alternatives to burning gasoline to relieve their constituents from the vagaries of relying on foreign oil, public companies (particularly those who make cars) want to sell cars (or batteries) at prices customers can afford, and environmental groups want gasoline cars off the road, but at the same time shudder at the thought of mountains of dead batteries littering the landscape.

To deal with this issue, General Motors has forged an agreement with ABB, an energy technology company while Nissan has joined forces with 4R Energy; both hope to find solutions to both problems.

Also the U.S. Department of Energy’s, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), is teaming up with various academic groups (one of which is the California Center for Sustainable Energy (CCSE)) to find so-called “second life” opportunities for not yet dead batteries. Current possibilities include using them to provide backup support for an electrical grid, or to use them as accessories in capturing power from alternative energy sources such as wind or solar arrays. In such a scenario, it’s suggested that consumers could perhaps lease the batteries in their cars from the manufacture’s, which would mean they’d only have to pay for the useful time they had then; the manufacturer’s could then sell the batteries to utility companies once they’ve been removed from such automobiles, all of which should, in theory, reduce costs for both parties.

Of course in all this, there does exist the possibility that a new battery could be developed; one that might last much longer and would be much cheaper; or another technology, such as hydrogen fuel cells could emerge which would make the whole exercise moot.

Regardless of how the current type of batteries are used, however, there will still come a time when they will eventually become useless to anyone, which will mean tearing them apart to recycle the viable pieces for recycling purposes; yet another piece of the puzzle that will need to be worked out as the numbers of dead batteries begins to climb.

More information: http://www.nrel.go … cations.html

? 2010 PhysOrg.com

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Johnson Controls-Saft to Supply Advanced Batteries to the Beijing Electric Vehicle Company

SHANGHAI--April 19, 2011: Johnson Controls-Saft, a global leader in the development and manufacture of advanced lithium-ion batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles, will supply the complete battery system for two electric vehicles which will be launched by the Beijing Electric Vehicle Company (BJEV), a subsidiary of Beijing Automotive Industry Company (BAIC). BJEV and BAIC have plans to manufacture 150,000 hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) by 2015.

"The electric vehicle market in China represents a tremendous growth opportunity for the automotive industry," said Ray Shemanski, who leads the Johnson Controls-Saft joint venture and is vice president and general manager of Advanced Battery Systems for Johnson Controls Power Solutions. "While this electric battery system is the first China-specific product designed and developed by our advanced battery team in China, it leverages our proven technology currently in production in Europe and the United States, and indicates the potential of a quickly growing China market."

The Johnson Controls-Saft electric battery system will power the C30 and M30 electric vehicles, which are initially launching in an evaluation fleet of 2,000 units beginning later this year. The C30 is a A0 segment subcompact hatchback while the M30 is a small cross-over vehicle based on the same platform. Both vehicles have been adapted with an electric powertrain by BEVC.

"This fleet will provide critical and early customer usage and feedback information to support full product launch to consumers in 2012," said Dr. Dazong Wang, - the President of BAIC. "We look forward to working with Johnson Controls-Saft and other key component suppliers to meet our goal of producing 150,000 HEVs and BEVs vehicles by ?2015."

The C30 and M30 can travel more than 100 kilometers on a single charge. Johnson Controls-Saft is supplying the complete battery system, which consists of 106 prismatic lithium-ion cells, the battery management system and integrated battery package to accommodate the existing vehicle platform.

About Johnson Controls-Saft

Johnson Controls-Saft is a joint venture that has brought together Johnson Controls -- the world's leading supplier of automotive batteries and a company deeply experienced in integrated automotive systems solutions -- with Saft, a world leader in advanced technology batteries for industry with extensive Li-ion battery expertise.

About Johnson Controls

Johnson Controls is a global diversified technology and industrial leader serving customers in more than 150 countries. Our 142,000 employees create quality products, services and solutions to optimize energy and operational efficiencies of buildings; lead-acid automotive batteries and advanced batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles; and interior systems for automobiles. Our commitment to sustainability dates back to our roots in 1885, with the invention of the first electric room thermostat. Through our growth strategies and by increasing market share we are committed to delivering value to shareholders and making our customers successful. ?In 2011, Corporate Responsibility Magazine recognized Johnson Controls as the #1 company in its annual "100 Best Corporate Citizens" list.

About Saft

Saft (Euronext: Saft) is a world specialist in the design and manufacture of high-tech batteries for industry. Saft batteries are used in high performance applications, such as industrial infrastructure and processes, transportation, space and defence. Saft is the world's leading manufacturer of nickel batteries for industrial applications and of primary lithium batteries for a wide range of end markets. The group is also the European leader for specialised advanced technologies for the defence and space industries and world leader in lithium-ion satellite batteries. Saft is also delivering its lithium-ion technology to new ?applications in clean vehicles and renewable energy storage. With approximately 4,000 employees worldwide, Saft is present in 19 countries. Its 15 manufacturing sites and extensive sales network enable the group to serve its customers worldwide. Saft is listed in the SBF 120 index on the Paris Stock Market. For more information, visit Saft at Saft Batteries

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Future of Batteries May Be 3-D

 

The future of electric vehicle batteries may be 3-D.

Researchers at Colorado State University have developed a battery with a three-dimensional interior architecture that uses copper nanowires to store twice as many lithium ions as conventional lithium-ion batteries. Team leader Amy Prieto, pictured with her students, says the prototype, about the size of a cellphone battery, could recharge in about 12 minutes.

They’re still a long way from building anything capable of powering an automobile, but the prototype suggests we might one day see electric vehicles recharge in minutes, not hours.

“It’s going to take a new generation of batteries to do so, and we hope our 3-D battery is poised to be at the forefront,” Prieto said in a statement. “If our battery works to its potential, it could be the ideal battery for an electric car.”

The 3-D battery features a fundamental change to the interior of lithium-ion batteries.

Conventional batteries feature a graphite anode (negative electrode) and lithium cathode (positive electrode) separated by electrolyte. The electrodes are arranged in thin layers. Lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode during discharge, then back again when recharging. That configuration accounts for some of the technology’s drawbacks: Long recharge time, limited lifespan and a propensity of overheating.

Prieto’s team reconfigured the battery architecture to address those drawbacks. They replaced the graphite anode with copper antimonide nanowires 1/50,000th the diameter of a human hair. The nanowires have enormous surface area, relatively speaking, and can store twice as many lithium ions as the same amount of graphite. They also are more chemically stable and heat resistant.

The prototype battery is about the size of a cellphone battery. The nanowires are arranged in a structure resembling the bristles of a hairbrush. In the final configuration, they will be coated with electrolyte and surrounded with lithium. Lab tests showed the prototype should recharge in as little as 12 minutes, not the two hours typical for cellphone batteries of the same size.

Prieto has founded a company, Prieto Battery, to commercialize the technology, which she says could be available within two years. She presented her findings Wednesday at the 241st National Meeting and Exposition of the American Chemical Society.

Photo: Colorado State University

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Frost & Sullivan: Reuse and Recycling of Electric Vehicle Batteries Will Ensure the Completion of 'Green Car' Tag ...

 

LONDON--(Marketwire - March 23, 2011) - ?Currently, there is little economic sense to recycle lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Batteries contain only a small fraction of lithium carbonate as a percent of weight and are inexpensive compared to cobalt or nickel. However, if the number of electric vehicles (EVs) and their associated battery packs increase in the long term, recycling and reuse will help validate the tag, 'green car'. Reuse and recycling ensure that the energy source of EVs are in a closed loop and complete a full lifecycle.

New analysis from Frost & Sullivan (http://www.automotive.frost.com) Global Electric Vehicles Lithium-ion Battery Second Life and Recycling Market Analysis, finds that EV battery recycling will become a significant part of the value chain by 2016, when significant quantities of EV batteries will come through the waste stream for recycling. The EV Li-ion battery recycling market is expected to be worth more than $2 billion by 2022, with more than half a million end-of-life EVs' battery packs becoming available for recycling through the waste stream.

If you are interested in more information on this study, please send an e-mail to Katja Feick, Corporate Communications, at katja.feick@frost.com, with your full name, company name, title, telephone number, company e-mail address, company website, city, state and country.

"Although lithium currently costs less than other raw materials needed for manufacturing a battery, there is an inherent risk due to its availability being dependent on a small geographic area," notes Frost & Sullivan Industry Analyst Aswin Kumar. "Almost 70 per cent of lithium deposits are in South America."

For second life, Li-ion batteries will have to compete with dedicated batteries used for current second-life applications such as stationary grid storage. They will have to compete in terms of cost, power and energy storage, as most of the characteristics of Li-ion batteries with regard to their degradation at reuse are still uncertain.

"The cost of batteries, which is the main hindrance for EV adoption, can be lowered through reuse or second life applications," remarks Kumar. "Furthermore, with the rapid increase in the adoption of portable consumer electronic goods and their associated rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, battery recycling can reduce reliance on import or production of lithium."

Though lithium is 100 per cent recyclable, the battery-grade lithium from the recycling process is costlier than lithium from direct sources. Lack of price incentives and legislation restricts lithium recycling. Furthermore, there are only limited incentives for utilities using energy storage, thus hindering reuse activities.

Apart from cobalt or nickel in existing battery packs, only a few valuable metals with the potential to be used in batteries are under research and development. Low-value elements like iron and phosphorous, currently in research, will pose a greater challenge to creating a profitable recycling program without additional incentives or the addition of more valuable lithium. The lack of valuable materials in batteries often limits the potential for recycling.

The advent of Li-ion batteries is expected to spur automotive and utility industries to sell a common fuel electricity to consumers. Furthermore, with second life applications, Li-ion batteries are poised to contribute to a further net reduction in emission, like that of carbon dioxide, beyond that achieved by using an EV.

"Lithium is a finite resource like coal or oil and the metal alone should not be the future source of power for automotives," cautions Kumar. "Research and development on other sources of power is needed to overcome the dependency on lithium and to meet the future challenges on demands, foreign relations and environment."

Global Electric Vehicles Lithium-ion Battery Second Life and Recycling Market Analysis is part of the Automotive & Transportation Growth Partnership Services program, which also includes research in the following markets: Strategic Analysis of the Chinese Electric Vehicle Market, Electric Vehicles: European Voice of the Customer Study-Private User Passenger Vehicle, Strategic Analysis of North American and European Electric Light, Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicles and Buses Market and Strategic Analysis of North American and European Hybrid Truck, Bus and Van Market. All research services included in subscriptions provide detailed market opportunities and industry trends that have been evaluated following extensive interviews with market participants.

About Frost & Sullivan
Frost & Sullivan, the Growth Partnership Company, enables clients to accelerate growth and achieve best-in-class positions in growth, innovation and leadership. The company's Growth Partnership Service provides the CEO and the CEO's Growth Team with disciplined research and best-practice models to drive the generation, evaluation, and implementation of powerful growth strategies. Frost & Sullivan leverages 50 years of experience in partnering with Global 1000 companies, emerging businesses and the investment community from more than 40 offices on six continents. To join our Growth Partnership, please visit http://www.frost.com.

Global Electric Vehicles Lithium-ion Battery Second Life and Recycling Market Analysis
M5B6

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Research and Markets: Electric Vehicle Traction Batteries 2011-2021

March 16, 2011 06:12 PM?Eastern Daylight Time?

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/642519/electric_vehicle_t) has announced the addition of the "Electric Vehicle Traction Batteries 2011-2021" report to their offering.

This comprehensive report has detailed assessments and forecasts for all the sectors using and likely to use traction batteries. There are chapters on heavy industrial, light industrial/commercial, mobility for the disabled, two wheel and allied, pure electric cars, hybrid cars, golf cars, military, marine and other. The profusion of pictures, diagrams and tables pulls the subject together to give an independent view of the future ten years. Unit sales, unit prices and total market value are forecast for each sector for 2011-2021. The replacement market is quantified and ten year technology trends by sector are in there too, with a view on winning and losing technologies and companies. This is the essential reference book for those who are anywhere in the hybrid and pure electric vehicle value chain. Those making materials, cells, battery sets or vehicles, researchers, legislators and market analysts will find it invaluable.

The whole picture With vehicle traction batteries it is important to look at the whole picture and this report does it for the first time. The rapidly growing market for traction batteries will exceed $55 billion in only ten years. However that spans battery sets up to $500,000 each with great sophistication needed for military, marine and solar aircraft use. Huge numbers of low cost batteries are being used for e-bikes but even here several new technologies are appearing. The largest replacement market is for e-bikes today and the value market for replacement batteries will not be dominated by cars when these batteries last the life of the car - something likely to happen within ten years. The trends are therefore complex and that is why IDTechEx has analysed them with great care. Vehicle manufacturers are often employing new battery technology first in their forklifts or e-bikes, not cars, yet there is huge progress with car batteries as well - indeed oversupply is probable in this sector at some stage. The mix is changing too. The second largest volume of electric vehicles being made in 2010 is mobility aids for the disabled but in ten years time it will be hybrid cars. The market for car traction batteries will be larger than the others but there will only be room for six or so winners in car batteries and other suppliers and users will need to dominate their own niches to achieve enduring growth and profits. Strategy must be decided now. In this report, researched in 2010 and frequently updated, we analyse the successes, the needs, the statistics and the market potential for traction batteries for all the major applications. This has never been done before. It is important to look at the whole picture because traction battery manufacturers typically sell horizontally across many applications and electric vehicle manufacturers increasingly make versions for many applications - heavy industrial, on road, leisure and so on. Indeed, the smarter putative suppliers will choose the sectors that best leverage their strengths rather than join the herd and be obliterated by corporations of up to $100 billion in size enjoying prodigious government support.

Stay Updated with Free IDTechEx Research

In addition, all report purchases include one hour free consulting with a report author from IDTechEx, by email or telephone. This needs to be used within three months of purchasing the report.

Key Topics Covered:

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

2. INTRODUCTION

3. PROGRESS WITH NEW GENERATION LITHIUM TRACTION BATTERIES

4. HEAVY INDUSTRIAL EVS

5. LIGHT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL EVS

6. MOBILITY FOR THE DISABLED

7. TWO WHEELED EVS AND ALLIED VEHICLES

8. GOLF EVS

9. CARS

10. PURE ELECTRIC CARS

11. HYBRID CARS

12. MILITARY

13. MARINE

For more information visit http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/642519/electric_vehicle_t

Research and Markets
Laura Wood, Senior Manager,
press@researchandmarkets.com
U.S. Fax: 646-607-1907
Fax (outside U.S.): +353-1-481-1716

Permalink: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110316007082/en/Research-Markets-Electric-Vehicle-Traction-Batteries-2011-2021

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Research and Markets: Electric Vehicle Traction Batteries 2011-2021

Press Release Source: Research and Markets On Wednesday March 16, 2011, 6:12 pm EDT

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/642519/electric_vehicle_t) has announced the addition of the "Electric Vehicle Traction Batteries 2011-2021" report to their offering.

This comprehensive report has detailed assessments and forecasts for all the sectors using and likely to use traction batteries. There are chapters on heavy industrial, light industrial/commercial, mobility for the disabled, two wheel and allied, pure electric cars, hybrid cars, golf cars, military, marine and other. The profusion of pictures, diagrams and tables pulls the subject together to give an independent view of the future ten years. Unit sales, unit prices and total market value are forecast for each sector for 2011-2021. The replacement market is quantified and ten year technology trends by sector are in there too, with a view on winning and losing technologies and companies. This is the essential reference book for those who are anywhere in the hybrid and pure electric vehicle value chain. Those making materials, cells, battery sets or vehicles, researchers, legislators and market analysts will find it invaluable.

The whole picture With vehicle traction batteries it is important to look at the whole picture and this report does it for the first time. The rapidly growing market for traction batteries will exceed $55 billion in only ten years. However that spans battery sets up to $500,000 each with great sophistication needed for military, marine and solar aircraft use. Huge numbers of low cost batteries are being used for e-bikes but even here several new technologies are appearing. The largest replacement market is for e-bikes today and the value market for replacement batteries will not be dominated by cars when these batteries last the life of the car - something likely to happen within ten years. The trends are therefore complex and that is why IDTechEx has analysed them with great care. Vehicle manufacturers are often employing new battery technology first in their forklifts or e-bikes, not cars, yet there is huge progress with car batteries as well - indeed oversupply is probable in this sector at some stage. The mix is changing too. The second largest volume of electric vehicles being made in 2010 is mobility aids for the disabled but in ten years time it will be hybrid cars. The market for car traction batteries will be larger than the others but there will only be room for six or so winners in car batteries and other suppliers and users will need to dominate their own niches to achieve enduring growth and profits. Strategy must be decided now. In this report, researched in 2010 and frequently updated, we analyse the successes, the needs, the statistics and the market potential for traction batteries for all the major applications. This has never been done before. It is important to look at the whole picture because traction battery manufacturers typically sell horizontally across many applications and electric vehicle manufacturers increasingly make versions for many applications - heavy industrial, on road, leisure and so on. Indeed, the smarter putative suppliers will choose the sectors that best leverage their strengths rather than join the herd and be obliterated by corporations of up to $100 billion in size enjoying prodigious government support.

Stay Updated with Free IDTechEx Research

In addition, all report purchases include one hour free consulting with a report author from IDTechEx, by email or telephone. This needs to be used within three months of purchasing the report.

Key Topics Covered:

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

2. INTRODUCTION

3. PROGRESS WITH NEW GENERATION LITHIUM TRACTION BATTERIES

4. HEAVY INDUSTRIAL EVS

5. LIGHT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL EVS

6. MOBILITY FOR THE DISABLED

7. TWO WHEELED EVS AND ALLIED VEHICLES

8. GOLF EVS

9. CARS

10. PURE ELECTRIC CARS

11. HYBRID CARS

12. MILITARY

13. MARINE

For more information visit http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/642519/electric_vehicle_t

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Batteries - The Heart of the Electric Vehicle Conversion

The batteries are truly the heart of the EV conversion! Getting the right batteries for your ev conversion is essential and will ensure that you have many years of service from your converted vehicle. Deep cycle lead acid batteries, which can be further divided into flooded and sealed batteries, are used the most in electric vehicle conversions for the following reasons:

1. Deep cycle lead acid batteries are able to withstand repeated heavy discharging up to 30% of their capacity. They are able to withstand discharging to deeper levels for short periods of time, although this will affect their lifespan adversely.

2. Flooded Deep Cycle lead acid batteries are comparatively cheap, compared with other types of batteries and will last for quite a long time if you take care of them and do not discharge them beyond 30% of capacity and recharge them well when they are discharged.

3. Sealed Deep Cycle lead acid batteries are lighter than flooded batteries, which is beneficial when doing conversions with small vehicles and possibly some higher performance vehicles. They also do not need to only be placed upright and can therefore be placed into positions which are not possible with flooded lead acid batteries.

When considering which batteries to purchase for your electric vehicle conversion other factors which you should consider are:

1. The Life Cycle Cost

This is the initial cost of the batteries over the lifespan of the batteries, and can be a significant factor in determining which battery to use

2. Initial Cost Range

This is the initial cost of the batteries over the anticipated range, which can be used in conjunction with the life cycle cost in deciding which battery to use.

3. The Energy Density

This is amount of energy contained in a specific amount of the fuel source, that is the battery. Measured in watt-hours per pound, or watt-hours per kilogram it is a good way of determining which battery will best suit your conversion.

4. The amount of maintenance required.

Servicing an electric vehicle is not nearly as demanding as servicing a regular gas vehicle, however it is necessary to pay careful attention to the batteries in your electric vehicle as properly maintained batteries will last longer and therefore be cheaper per mile travelled.

As the batteries represent a considerable cost factor in your ev conversion you should carefully consider all these facts before choosing the batteries for your electric vehicle. And when you have made the decision and bought your battery set for your electric vehicle, be sure to take good care of them and then you will enjoy many miles of carefree and low cost traveling with your new electric vehicle. Enjoy the EV Grin!

Getting the most out of your Electric vehicle means knowing how your batteries work and how best to care for them. You can learn more about batteries for your EV conversion including some tips on how to get good second hand batteries cheaply, or Free by visiting http://electricvehiclesolution.com/.

Get the most from your Electric Vehicle Batteries by Learning More About Your Batteries and enjoy many miles of carefree and cheap motoring in your Electric vehicle!